![]() After centuries of political and territorial divisions, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861 following a war of independence, establishing the Kingdom of Italy. ![]() īy the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism, along with other social, economic, and military events, led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. Centuries of rivalry and infighting between the Italian city-states, and the invasions of other European powers during the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, left parts of Italy politically fragmented. Italy's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of trade routes that bypassed the Mediterranean. During the Middle Ages, Italian explorers discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art. ĭuring the Early Middle Ages, Italy endured the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Barbarian Invasions, but by the 11th century, numerous city-states and maritime republics, mostly in the North, became prosperous through trade, commerce, and banking, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism. By the first century BC, the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural, political and religious centre, inaugurating the Pax Romana, a period of more than 200 years during which Italy's law, technology, economy, art, and literature developed. The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula, eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe, North Africa and Asia. The Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC, which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People. With over 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.ĭue to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and culture, such as the Italic peoples, the Etruscans, the Celts and the Ligures, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Carthaginians. Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland, Campione. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital and largest city, the country covers a total area of 301,230 km 2 (116,310 sq mi) and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. ![]() Italy is also considered part of Western Europe. Italy ( Italian: Italia ( listen)), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana ), is a country located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, in Southern Europe its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region. eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. To call Campione d'Italia, it is necessary to use the Swiss code +41.The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia but its official currency is the Swiss franc. German is co-official in South Tyrol and Friuli Venezia Giulia French is co-official in the Aosta Valley Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste, the province of Gorizia, and Friuli Venezia Giulia Ladin is co-official in South Tyrol, in Trentino and in other northern areas Friulian is co-official in Friuli Venezia Giulia Sardinian is co-official in Sardinia. ![]()
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